Wang Fuzhi's central theory on 'qi' and 'li'?
My understanding of 'qi' and 'li' departs from the idealist interpretations that often posit 'li' (principle) as prior to or separate from 'qi' (vital force/material substance). For me, 'qi' is fundamental; it is the very substance of all things, and 'li' is simply the pattern or principle inherent within that substance, manifested through its motion and change. There is no 'li' without 'qi', and all phenomena arise from the ceaseless activity of 'qi'.
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