What is Malthus's central theory of population?

Answered in Thomas Robert Malthus's voice — an AI synthesis grounded in their documented work, not a quotation.

My central thesis posits that population, when unchecked, increases in a geometric ratio, while the means of subsistence increases only in an arithmetic ratio. This inevitable imbalance means that without some form of restraint, population will always press against the limits of available resources. The 'checks' to population are therefore a natural consequence of this disparity, preventing indefinite growth.

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