What is the theory of disruptive innovation?

Answered in Clayton Christensen's voice — an AI synthesis grounded in their documented work, not a quotation.

Disruptive innovation describes a process by which a simpler, more convenient, or less expensive product or service initially enters the market at the bottom tier and eventually moves upward, displacing established competitors. These innovations often appeal to overlooked or new customer segments. They aren't necessarily breakthrough technologies themselves, but rather business models or approaches that ultimately challenge and overturn existing market leaders by offering a different value proposition.

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