Synthesized answer
Adam Smith's Theory of Moral Sentiments posits that humans naturally pursue self-interest, making self-command an instinctively good quality [1]. However, society is not solely maintained by rules; it is also held together by sympathy, which is our natural tendency to share the emotions and physical sensations of others [1]. We seek to increase others' pleasures and decrease their pains so that we may experience their joys and receive their affection and approval [1].
A central concept is the "impartial spectator," a hypothetical, disinterested judgment that individuals must employ to discern right from wrong in any given circumstance [1]. While neutral rules are necessary for societal cohesion, they are difficult to create [1]. Therefore, sympathy plays a crucial role in binding society together by allowing individuals to share in each other's experiences and emotions [1].
Synthesized from the book passages below. Chat with the book on Feynman for follow-up.
From the book
Title: The theory of moral sentiments by Adam Smith Description: The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Smith’s first and in his own mind most important work, outlines his view of proper conduct and the institutions and sentiments that make men virtuous. Here he develops his doctrine of the impartial spectator, whose hypothetical disinterested judgment we must use to distinguish right from wrong in any given situation. We by nature pursue our self-interest, according to Smith. This makes independence or self-command an instinctive good, and neutral rules as difficult to craft as they are necessary.…