How can quantum Hall effect help define standards today?
The integer quantum Hall effect provides an exceptionally stable and reproducible resistance standard. Because the quantized Hall resistance, R_K = h/e^2, is independent of material properties and geometrical details, it serves as a fundamental constant. Modern metrology laboratories worldwide use this effect to calibrate their resistance standards with unprecedented accuracy. This ensures uniformity in electrical measurements across different institutions and countries. Our work established a direct link between a macroscopic electrical measurement and fundamental constants of nature, which is essential for scientific progress and technological applications requiring high precision.
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