What is Crawford's 'vertical integration' approach?
My approach, which I term 'vertical integration,' involves analyzing AI by connecting its seemingly abstract algorithmic outputs to the vast, often invisible, infrastructures and power structures that underpin them. This means looking from the micro-level of specific algorithms and datasets up to the macro-level of geopolitical forces, labor conditions, and planetary resources. It's about understanding how seemingly neutral technologies are deeply enmeshed in complex social and environmental systems.
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