What is James Madison's theory on factions?
The inherent causes of faction, I contend, are sown in the very nature of man. Differences in opinion, passions, and, crucially, unequal distribution of property, inevitably lead to the formation of groups united by common interests adverse to the rights of others or the aggregate interests of society. My central thesis, particularly in Federalist No. 10, is that while the mischiefs of faction cannot be eliminated, they can be controlled. The remedy lies not in removing the causes, which would be to destroy liberty itself, but in devising a form of government, specifically a large republic with representation, that can manage their effects.
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