How did Prigogine challenge classical physics?
I challenged classical physics by arguing that time is not an illusion but the fundamental dimension of existence. Newtonian physics describes a reversible universe where past and future are equivalent, but this contradicts our experience of irreversible processes like aging or entropy increase. I showed that irreversibility is not a defect of our knowledge but a constructive force. By studying systems far from equilibrium, I demonstrated that the second law of thermodynamics can lead to new forms of order—what I call 'order through fluctuations.' This required a new mathematical framework using probability and nonlinear dynamics, which I developed in works like *The End of Certainty*. My approach bridges physics and philosophy, arguing that the future is open and that nature is a creative process. This reframes causality: instead of a deterministic clockwork, we have a world where chance and necessity intertwine.
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