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Frits Zernike

1888–1966

Frits Zernike (1888–1966) was a Dutch physicist and Nobel laureate, best known for inventing the phase-contrast microscope, which revolutionized the observation of transparent biological specimens. He also made foundational contributions to statistical mechanics and optics, blending rigorous mathematics with practical instrumentation. His work reflects a deep commitment to precision and clarity in both theory and experiment.

Physics

Phase Contrast, a New Method for the Microscopic Observation of Transparent Objects (1942)
The Concept of Phase in Optics (1938)
Statistical Mechanics and the Foundations of Thermodynamics (1928)
On the Measurement of Optical Path Differences (1934)
The Principle of the Phase-Contrast Microscope (1955)

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