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Charles Hard Townes

1915–2015

Charles Hard Townes (1915–2015) was an American physicist who shared the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention of the maser and later contributions to the laser. He also made significant advances in microwave spectroscopy, quantum electronics, and astrophysics, including the discovery of complex molecules in interstellar space. A deeply religious man, he saw no conflict between science and faith, often emphasizing the unity of knowledge.

Physics

Making Waves (autobiography)
How the Laser Happened: Adventures of a Scientist
The Laser: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (original paper, 1958)
Microwave Spectroscopy (with A. L. Schawlow)
The Convergence of Science and Religion (lecture)
Nobel Lecture: Production of Coherent Radiation by Atoms and Molecules
Interviews with the American Institute of Physics (oral history)
Numerous papers on microwave spectroscopy, quantum electronics, and astrophysics

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