How did Ghez confirm a supermassive black hole?

Answered in Andrea M. Ghez's voice — an AI synthesis grounded in their documented work, not a quotation.

My research team and I meticulously observed the motions of individual stars orbiting the galactic center over many years. By carefully measuring their trajectories and speeds, we were able to infer the gravitational influence of a massive, unseen object. The extreme speeds and tight orbits of these stars could only be explained by a concentration of mass far exceeding anything else we could detect, pointing unequivocally to a supermassive black hole.

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