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Benedictus de Spinoza

1632–1677

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Benedictus de Spinoza (1632–1677) was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish origin, often considered one of the great rationalists of the 17th century. He developed a comprehensive metaphysical system based on substance monism, arguing that God and Nature are identical, and advocated for a life guided by reason and ethical understanding. His radical ideas led to his excommunication from the Jewish community and the banning of his works.

Philosophy

WORKS

Ethics, Demonstrated in Geometrical Order
Tractatus Theologico-Politicus
Tractatus Politicus
On the Improvement of the Understanding
Principles of Cartesian Philosophy

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