Hobbes argues that the only way to establish peace and security is by creating a "Common Power," a sovereign authority that acts as an "Artificiall Man" or "Mortall God." This Leviathan is generated when a multitude, through mutual covenants, authorize this single person or assembly to use their collective strength and means to ensure peace at home and defense against external enemies. By submitting their wills and judgments to the sovereign, individuals author their actions and delegate their right of self-governance, thereby forming a Commonwealth (Civitas).
This Leviathan, or Commonwealth, is structured with the sovereign as its "Artificiall Soul," and magistrates as its "artificiall Joynts." This structure allows the sovereign to direct the actions of the multitude towards the common benefit, using rewards and punishments as "Nerves and Tendons" to ensure everyone performs their duty. The ultimate purpose is Salus Populi – the People's Safety – which is the Commonwealth's business, making it an entity created for human protection.
Key concepts
- Common Power — A singular, concentrated authority established by mutual covenant to maintain peace and defend the populace.
- Leviathan — An "Artificiall Man" or "Mortall God" representing the Commonwealth, endowed with ultimate power for the protection of its citizens.
- Artificiall Soul — The sovereignty within the Commonwealth, analogous to a soul, which provides life and direction to the entire body politic.
- Artificiall Joynts — Magistrates and officers of judicature and execution, which are the functional limbs and movements of the Commonwealth.
- Salus Populi — The People's Safety, the primary business and objective of the Commonwealth.
- Mutual Covenants — Agreements made between individuals to authorize a sovereign and surrender their individual rights for the sake of collective security.