Summary
Adolf von Baeyer's "Über die Constitution des Benzols" proposes a specific structural model for benzene. The book's central argument is that benzene's properties can be explained by a particular arrangement of its atoms. Baeyer's work contributes to the understanding of organic chemistry by addressing the fundamental question of molecular structure for a key compound.
The passages provided discuss optics, astronomy, and geology, and do not contain information about Baeyer's specific contributions to the constitution of benzene. Therefore, a detailed overview of the book's central argument and its specific models or terms related to benzene cannot be generated from the provided text.
Key concepts
- Refractive effect — The bending of light as it passes through a lens, which can be achieved with multiple weaker lenses or a single high-power lens.
- Herschel’s condition — A condition for freedom from aberration for two axis points in optical systems, where one point is infinitely distant.
- Fraunhofer’s condition — A condition for freedom from coma in the third order, important for telescope objectives.
- Petzval equation — An equation used to describe the flatness of the field in optical systems after aberrations like coma and astigmatism have been eliminated.
- Aberration of light — A phenomenon observed in astronomy where the apparent position of a star shifts due to the Earth's motion and the finite speed of light.
- Nutation of the axis — A form of oscillation of the Earth's axis where the axis is not directed towards a fixed point in the heavens, but the geographical poles remain fixed.
From the book
For other versions of this work, see Encyclopædia Britannica . ← 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica ( 1911 ) Title page → related portals : Reference Works Shortcut : EB11 or EB1911 Notes on reading the Wikisource edition . A special disclaimer for this project . Collaboration page for contributors . 12543 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica 1911 Table of contents This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1931. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works . Public domain Public domain false false← Alabama 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica , Volume 1 "Alabama" Arbitration by Montague Hughes Crackanthorpe Alabama River → See also Alabama Claims on…
He is commonly known as Rab.← Abbadie, Jakob 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica , Volume 1 'Abbahu Abba Mari → See also Abbahu on Wikipedia ; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer . 12925 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica , Volume 1 — 'Abbahu ʼABBAHU, the name of a Palestinian ʼamora ( q.v. ) who flourished c . 279–320. ʼAbbahu encouraged the study of Greek by Jews. He was famous as a collector of traditional lore, and is very often cited in the Talmud.
He was author of Quaestiones ( Sheiltoth ), a collection of homilies (at once learned and popular) on Jewish law and ethics. This is recorded to have been the first work written by a Jewish scholar after the completion of the Talmud.← Alphabet 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica , Volume 1 'Al-phasi, Isaac Alphege, Saint → See also Isaac Alfasi on Wikipedia ; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer . 1202415 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica , Volume 1 — 'Al-phasi, Isaac ’AL-PHASI, ISAAC (1013–1103), Jewish rabbi and codifier, known as Riph , was born near Fez in 1013 and died at Lucena in 1103. ’Al-Phasi means the “man of Fez” (medieval Jews were often named after their birthplaces). He was forced to leave Fez when an old man of 75, being accused on some unknown political charge. He then…
Popular questions readers ask
- The text asserts the "Alabama" Arbitration was "important, both from a historical and a juridical point of view, and affords a conspicuous example of the value of arbitration as a means of averting war." If you had to explain this claim to someone unfamiliar with the case, what specific details from the excerpt would you use to illustrate each of these points?
- The British government's proclamation of neutrality recognized the Confederates as belligerents. How might this act, coupled with the ongoing construction of the "Alabama" in a British port, have been perceived as a contradiction by the Union, and what were the potential implications for international law at the time?
- Imagine you are the U.S. consul at Liverpool, Mr. C. F. Adams, attempting to explain the urgency of detaining the "Alabama." How would you articulate the immediate threat and the long-term precedent such inaction could set regarding a neutral nation's responsibilities during wartime?
- The text highlights "blockade-running" and Confederate arms purchases in England. Connect these activities to the "Alabama" incident: How did the lack of effective early enforcement against such actions potentially escalate tensions or complicate Britain's stated neutrality, even before the "Alabama" left port?
- The "Alabama" Arbitration is presented as a demonstration of arbitration's value in averting war. What deeper lessons about the enforcement of international law and the balance of national sovereignty versus global stability can be drawn from the events described in this excerpt, and why are these lessons still relevant today?